Papers, ranked by score

Ordered by a blend of empirical rigor (60%) and math complexity (40%).

Claims processing and costs under capacity constraints

Random delays between the occurrence of accident events and the corresponding reporting times of insurance claims is a standard feature of insurance data. The time lag between the reporting and the processing of a claim depends on whether the claim can be processed without delay as it arrives or whe

Holy Grail Math 7.5 Rigor 6.5 ·  September 11, 2024

One-Shot Individual Claims Reserving

Individual claims reserving has not yet become established in actuarial practice. We attribute this to the absence of a satisfactory methodology: existing approaches tend to be either overly complex or insufficiently flexible and robust for practical use. Building on the classical chain-ladder (CL)

Holy Grail Math 5.5 Rigor 7.5 ·  March 12, 2026

Tab-TRM: Tiny Recursive Model for Insurance Pricing on Tabular Data

We introduce Tab-TRM (Tabular-Tiny Recursive Model), a network architecture that adapts the recursive latent reasoning paradigm of Tiny Recursive Models (TRMs) to insurance modeling. Drawing inspiration from both the Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM) and its simplified successor TRM, the Tab-TRM mo

Holy Grail Math 5.5 Rigor 7.5 ·  January 12, 2026

Model Monitoring: A General Framework with an Application to Non-life Insurance Pricing

Maintaining the predictive performance of pricing models is challenging when insurance portfolios and data-generating mechanisms evolve over time. Focusing on non-life insurance, we adopt the concept-drift terminology from machine learning and distinguish virtual drift from real concept drift in an

Holy Grail Math 7 Rigor 6.5 ·  October 6, 2025

Isotonic Recalibration under a Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Insurance pricing systems should fulfill the auto-calibration property to ensure that there is no systematic cross-financing between different price cohorts. Often, regression models are not auto-calibrated. We propose to apply isotonic recalibration to a given regression model to ensure auto-calibr

Lab Rats Math 6.5 Rigor 4.5 ·  January 6, 2023

From Chain-Ladder to Individual Claims Reserving

The chain-ladder (CL) method is the most widely used claims reserving technique in non-life insurance. This manuscript introduces a novel approach to computing the CL reserves based on a fundamental restructuring of the data utilization for the CL prediction procedure. Instead of rolling forward the

Holy Grail Math 5.5 Rigor 5 ·  February 17, 2026

A Practical Guide on Graphical Model Validation

This manuscript formalizes the most popular model validation tools used in general insurance actuarial modeling. These include graphical tools like calibration plots, actual-vs-expected plots, lift charts, Murphy diagrams, as well as classical statistical tools such as Bregman losses, deviance losse

Lab Rats Math 7.5 Rigor 3 ·  September 22, 2026

A Note on the Generalized Cape Cod Reserving Method

Claims reserving is one of the most important actuarial tasks in non-life insurance modeling. There are several popular methods to perform claims reserving such as the chain-ladder (CL), the Bornhuetter–Ferguson (BF) or the generalized Cape Cod (GCC) methods. These methods have originally been intr

Lab Rats Math 6.5 Rigor 3 ·  April 30, 2026

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