Papers, ranked by score

Ordered by a blend of empirical rigor (60%) and math complexity (40%).

Markowitz Variance May Vastly Undervalue or Overestimate Portfolio Variance and Risks

We consider the investor who doesn’t trade shares of his portfolio. The investor only observes the current trades made in the market with his securities to estimate the current return, variance, and risks of his unchanged portfolio. We show how the time series of consecutive trades made in the marke

Lab Rats Math 9 Rigor 2 ·  July 29, 2025

Market-Based Variance of Market Portfolio and of Entire Market

We present the unified market-based description of returns and variances of the trades with shares of a particular security, of the trades with shares of all securities in the market, and of the trades with the market portfolio. We consider the investor who doesn’t trade the shares of his portfolio

Lab Rats Math 8.5 Rigor 2 ·  October 15, 2025

Market-Based "Actual" Returns of Investors

We describe how the market-based average and volatility of the “actual” return, which the investors gain within their market sales, depend on the statistical moments, volatilities, and correlations of the current and past market trade values. We describe three successive approximations. First, we de

Lab Rats Math 6.5 Rigor 3 ·  April 2, 2023

Market-Based Probability of Stock Returns

This paper describes the dependence of market-based statistical moments of returns on statistical moments and correlations of the current and past trade values. We use Markowitz’s definition of value weighted return of a portfolio as the definition of market-based average return of trades during the

Lab Rats Math 6.5 Rigor 2.5 ·  February 6, 2023

Unwitting Markowitz' Simplification of Portfolio Random Returns

In his famous paper, Markowitz (1952) derived the dependence of portfolio random returns on the random returns of its securities. This result allowed Markowitz to obtain his famous expression for portfolio variance. We show that Markowitz’s equation for portfolio random returns and the expression fo

Lab Rats Math 8 Rigor 1 ·  August 11, 2025

Economic Complexity Limits Accuracy of Price Probability Predictions by Gaussian Distributions

We discuss the economic reasons why the predictions of price and return statistical moments in the coming decades, in the best case, will be limited by their averages and volatilities. That limits the accuracy of the forecasts of price and return probabilities by Gaussian distributions. The economic

Philosophers Math 3 Rigor 2 ·  August 24, 2023

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