Paper: arXiv 2507.18395

Authors: Eckhard Platen

Abstract

The paper derives the dynamics of a financial market from basic mathematical principles. It models the market dynamics using independent stationary scalar diffusions, assumes the existence of its growth optimal portfolio (GOP), interprets the market as a communication system, and minimizes, in an information-theoretical sense, the joint information of the risk-neutral pricing measure with respect to the real-world probability measure. In this information-minimizing market, its basic independent securities, their sums, minimum variance portfolio, and GOP, as well as the GOP of the entire market, represent squared radial Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes with additivity and self-similarity properties.

Complexity vs Empirical Score

  • Math Complexity: 8.5/10
  • Empirical Rigor: 2.5/10
  • Quadrant: Lab Rats — theoretically deep, empirically untested

Why this score: The paper provides a highly sophisticated, first-principles mathematical derivation of financial market dynamics using information theory, stochastic differential equations, and Lie-group symmetries. However, it is entirely theoretical with minimal empirical testing or data validation, leaving backtesting and practical implementation to future research.

Research Flowchart

  flowchart TD
    A[Goal: Derive market dynamics from basic mathematical & info-theory principles] --> B[Inputs: Independent stationary scalar diffusions & existence of GOP]
    B --> C[Method: Model market as a communication system]
    C --> D[Compute: Minimize joint info of risk-neutral measure vs real-world measure]
    D --> E[Outcome: Securities, portfolios & GOP form squared radial Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes]
    E --> F[Key Properties: Additivity & self-similarity in multi-asset dynamics]

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  493. Short-Term Interest Rates as Subordinated Diffusions (1997)
  494. Capital market equilibrium with transaction costs (1986)
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  507. Consistent High-Precision Volatility from High-Frequency Data (2001)
  508. A binomial model for valuing equity-linked policies embedding surrender options (2007)
  509. The pricing of options on default-free bonds (1982)
  510. Universal portfolios (1991)
  511. Notes on option pricing I : constant elasticity of variance diffusions (1975)
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  513. Local martingales, bubbles and option prices (2005)
  514. Optimum consumption and portfolio policies when asset prices follow a diffusion process (1989)
  515. A theory of the term structure of interest rates (1985)
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  517. Option pricing: A simplified approach (1979)
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  519. Numerical inversion of L aplace transforms: A survey with applications to derivative pricing (2000)
  520. An alternative approach to the modelling of credit risk (2000)
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  522. Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions and characteristic functions (2003)
  523. Probability laws for general classes of diffusions (2007)
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  525. Convergence of a branching particle method to the solution of the Z akai equation (1998)
  526. The Oxford Handbook of Nonlinear Filtering (2010)
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  528. Rata gems (1994)
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  530. On portfolio optimization under draw-down constraints (1994)
  531. Hedging and portfolio optimization under transaction costs: A martingale approach (1996)
  532. On dynamic measures of risk (1999)
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  534. A MAPLE package for stochastic differential equations (1995)
  535. Solving stochastic differential equations with M aple (1996)
  536. MAPLE for jump-diffusion stochastic differential equations in finance (2002)
  537. MAPLE for stochastic differential equations (1998)
  538. From Elementary Probability to Stochastic Differential Equations with MAPLE (2001)
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  540. An Introduction to High–Frequency Finance (2001)
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  543. Valuation and hedging life insurance liabilities with systematic mortality risk (2006)
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  546. Isotropic stochastic flows: a survey (1992)
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  552. Functionals of diffusion processes as stochastic integrals (1980)
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  556. A note on superreplicating strategies (1994)
  557. Louis Bachelier’s Theory of Speculation: The Origins of Modern Finance (2006)
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  559. Risk sensitive benchmarked asset management (2007)
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  562. Methods of Numerical Integrations (1984)
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  564. Keynasian chaos (1986)
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  572. Convergence of Discretized Stochastic (Interest Rate) Processes with Stochastic Drift Term (1998)
  573. Equity-linked policies (1986)
  574. Coherent risk measures on general probability spaces (2002)
  575. Exponential hedging and entropic penalties (2002)
  576. A general version of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (1994)
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  578. The no-arbitrage property under a change of numeraire (1995)
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  582. A note on option pricing for the constant elasticity of variance model (2002)
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  587. Fast numerical valuation of A merican, exotic and complex options (1994)
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  590. Noise analysis in circuit simulation with stochastic differential equations (1998)
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  592. The volatility smile and its implied tree (1994)
  593. Riding on a Smile (1994)
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  602. An approximation to optimal nonlinear filtering with discontinuous observations (1981)
  603. Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns (2002)
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  606. Sur la discr' e tisation et le comportement ' a petit bruit d’EDS multidimensionnalles dont les coefficients sont ' a d' e riv' e es singuli' e res (2003)
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  610. A sampling method for determining the lowest eigenvalue and principal eigenfunctions of S chr"odinger’s equations (1950)
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  614. Liens entre 'equations diff'erentielles stochastiques et ordinaires (1977)
  615. On the term structure of interest rates (1978)
  616. A random volatility correction for the B lack- S choles option pricing formula (1987)
  617. Prices in Financial Markets (1990)
  618. Numerical methods for forward-backward stochastic differential equations (1996)
  619. Mixing, Properties and Examples (1994)
  620. The functional central limit theorem for strongly mixing processes (1994)
  621. The stochastic method for numerical simulations: H igher order corrections (1983)
  622. Scalar diffusion in simulated helical turbulence with molecular diffusivity (1984)
  623. Numerical integration of stochastic differential equations with variable diffusivity (1986)
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  626. Benchmarked risk minimization (2016)
  627. The GARCH option pricing model (1995)
  628. Augmented GARCH (p,q) process and its diffusion limit (1996)
  629. Security Markets - Stochastic Models (1988)
  630. Dynamic Asset Pricing Theory (2001)
  631. First-to-default valuation (1998)
  632. Affine Processes and Applications in Finance (2003)
  633. Risk and Valuation of Collateralized Debt Obligations (2001)
  634. Efficient M onte C arlo simulation of security prices (1995)
  635. Multiperiod security markets with differential information; martingales and resolution times (1986)
  636. Multi-factor term structure models (1994)
  637. A yield-factor model of interest rates (1996)
  638. An overview of V alue at R isk (1997)
  639. Analytic V alue at R isk with jumps and credit risk (2001)
  640. Transform analysis and option pricing for affine jump diffusions (2000)
  641. Mean-variance hedging in continuous time (1991)
  642. Recursive valuation of defaultable securities and the timing of resolution of uncertainty (1995)
  643. Simulated moments estimation of M arkov models of asset prices (1993)
  644. Credit Risk : Pricing, Measurement, and Management (2003)
  645. An exact solution to a dynamic portfolio choice problem under transaction costs (1991)
  646. Implied volatility functions: E mpirical tests (1998)
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  648. Model Art (1993)
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  653. About a M onte- C arlo algorithm for the solution of the S chr"odinger equation (1968)
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  655. Long forward and zero-coupon rates can never fall (1996)
  656. Markov Processes, Vol. I and Vol. II (1965)
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  658. Influence of noise on D uffing- V an der P ol oscillators (1986)
  659. Applications of generalized L 'evy motions in finance (2002)
  660. Hyperbolic distributions in finance (1995)
  661. New Insights into Smile, Mispricing, and Value at Risk: T he Hyperbolic Model* (1998)
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  664. Approximate methods for calculating path integrals (1985)
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  668. On the movement of small particles suspended in stationary liquid demanded by molecular-kinetic theory of heat (1905)
  669. Zur T heorie der B rownschen B ewegung (1906)
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  675. Les aspects probabilistes du controle stochastique (1981)
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  679. Computations of G reeks in a market with jumps via the M alliavin calculus (2004)
  680. Further results on the constant elasticity of variance call option pricing model (1982)
  681. The multiple stochastic integral (1982)
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  683. Stochastic Calculus and Applications (1982)
  684. Hidden Markov Models: Estimation and Control (1995)
  685. Hidden M arkov filtering for a mean reverting interest rate model (1999)
  686. Approximations to solutions of the Z akai filtering equation (1989)
  687. An application of hidden M arkov models to asset allocation problems (1997)
  688. A general fractional white noise theory and applications to finance (2003)
  689. Pricing claims on non tradable assets (2004)
  690. Binomial Models in Finance (2006)
  691. On models of default risk (2000)
  692. A short proof of a martingale representation result (1988)
  693. Mathematics of Financial Markets (2005)
  694. Filtering derivative security valuations from market prices (1997)
  695. Hidden M arkov chain filtering for generalised B essel processes (2001)
  696. Modelling Extremal Events. For Insurance and Finance (1997)
  697. Correlation: P itfalls and alternatives (1999)
  698. Correlation and Dependencies in Risk Management: P roperties and Pitfalls (2002)
  699. Stochastic Calculus in Manifolds (1989)
  700. Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of U.K. \ Inflation (1982)
  701. Modelling the persistence of conditional variances. W ith comments and a reply by the authors (1986)
  702. Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility (1993)
  703. Linear congruential generators for parallel M onte C arlo: the leap-frog case (1998)
  704. MCMC analysis of diffusion models with application to finance (2001)
  705. The impact of jumps in equity index volatility and returns (2003)
  706. Die Monte Carlo-Methode und verwandte Fragen (1975)
  707. Statistical Modeling (1982)
  708. Random processes for solving classical equations of mathematical physics (1984)
  709. Partial Differential Equations (1999)
  710. Asian options revisited: I nverting the L aplace transformation (1995)
  711. Some fundamentals of electricity derivatives (1998)
  712. Schwache K onvergenz gegen D iffusionsprozesse (1974)
  713. Approximation von stochastischen D ifferenzialgleichungen auf D igital- und H ybridrechnern (1976)
  714. Zur S imulation stetiger stochastischer W irtschaftsmodelle (1976)
  715. Mandelbrot and the stable P aretian hypothesis (1963)
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  717. Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work (1970)
  718. The CAPM : T heory and evidence (2003)
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  720. Parameter Estimates for Symmetric Stable Distributions (1971)
  721. Long-term growth in a short-term market (1974)
  722. Symmetric Multivariate and Related Distributions (1990)
  723. Numerical pathwise approximations of stochastic differential equations (1991)
  724. Fractals, Physics of Solids and Liquids (1988)
  725. Two singular diffusion problems (1951)
  726. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications (1968)
  727. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications (1971)
  728. Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations (1990)
  729. Second order methods for solving stochastic differential equations (1992)
  730. Stochastic Portfolio Theory (2002)
  731. Relative Arbitrage in Volatility-Stabilized Markets
  732. Quantum Mechanics and Path-Integrals (1965)
  733. Options arbitrage in imperfect markets (1989)
  734. A general characterization of one factor affine term structure models (2001)
  735. Time-Inhomogeneous Affine Processes (2005)
  736. The behaviour of equity and debt risk premiums (1993)
  737. Random differential equations in river quality modelling (1983)
  738. Polar cranes for nuclear power stations in earthquake areas (1983)
  739. Applications of the balanced method to stochastic differential equations in filtering (1999)
  740. Risk minimizing hedging strategies under partial observation (1999)
  741. Monte Carlo: Concepts, Algorithms and Applications (1996)
  742. Predicting stock market volatility: a new measure (1995)
  743. Optimal long term growth rate of expected utility of wealth (1999)
  744. Controlled Markov Processes and Viscosity Solutions (1992)
  745. Stochastic optimal control, international finance and debt (2004)
  746. Positive Interest (1996)
  747. Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics (1988)
  748. Convergence of numerical schemes for stochastic differential equations (2001)
  749. Central limit theorem for a recurrent diffusion process and the Markov chain obtained by discretization (1984)
  750. Approximate discrete-time schemes for statistics of diffusion processes (1989)
  751. On estimating the diffusion coefficient from discrete observations (1993)
  752. A mathematical model and numerical method for studying platelet adhesion and aggregation during blood clotting (1984)
  753. Calcul d’ I t� sans probabilit�s (1981)
  754. Probabilistic aspects of options (1991)
  755. Quantile hedging (1999)
  756. Efficient hedging: C ost versus shortfall risk (2000)
  757. Quadratic variation and an extension of I t^o’s formula (1995)
  758. Hedging of Contingent Claims under Incomplete Information (1991)
  759. A microeconomic approach to diffusion models for stock prices (1993)
  760. Stochastic Finance. An Introduction In Discrete Time (2002)
  761. Hedging of non-redundant contingent claims (1986)
  762. Fixed-income volatility management (1991)
  763. Interest rate volatility as a stochastic factor (1991)
  764. Option pricing when correlations are stochastic: A n analytic framework (2007)
  765. A multifactor volatility H eston model (2008)
  766. The large-maturity smile for the H eston model (2009)
  767. On the estimation of an eigenvalue by an additive functional of a stochastic process, with special reference to the K ac- D onsker method (1952)
  768. Approximation of a class of W iener integrals (1965)
  769. Approximation of a conditional W iener integral (1968)
  770. Financial modelling in a fast mean-reverting stochastic volatility environment (1999)
  771. Derivatives in Markets with Stochastic Volatility (2000)
  772. Variance reduction for M onte C arlo simulation in a stochastic volatility environment (2002)
  773. Monte C arlo methods for stochastic volatility models (1997)
  774. Small noise expansion and importance sampling (1997)
  775. Applications of M alliavin calculus to M onte C arlo methods in finance (1999)
  776. Applications of M alliavin calculus to M onte C arlo methods in finance II (2001)
  777. Second-order algorithm for the numerical integration of colored-noise problems (1991)
  778. Financial Market and Monetary Policy (1995)
  779. Portfolio selection: T the effects of uncertain means, variances and covariances (1971)
  780. Difference methods for stochastic ordinary differential equations (1965)
  781. The stochastic behaviour of market variance implied in the price of index options (1991)
  782. Expected stock returns and volatility (1987)
  783. Derivative asset analysis in models with level-dependent and stochastic volatility. M athematics of F inance, P art II (1997)
  784. Risk minimizing hedging strategies under restricted information: T he case of stochastic volatility models observable only at random discrete times (1999)
  785. A nonlinear filtering approach to volatility estimation with a view towards high frequency data (2001)
  786. Partial Differential Equations of Parabolic Type (1968)
  787. Stochastic Differential Equations and Applications, Vol. I (1975)
  788. Stochastic Differential Equations and Applications, Vol. II (1976)
  789. Economic implications of extraordinary movements in stock prices (1989)
  790. Short-run fluctuations in foreign exchange rates: E vidence from the data 1973-1979 (1982)
  791. Simulation of stochastic processes (1987)
  792. Quantification of spread risk by means of historical simulation (2002)
  793. Almost sure characterization of martingales (1994)
  794. An empitical Bayes approach to efficient portfolio selection (1986)
  795. For better performance: constrain portfolio weights (1988)
  796. Pricing of financial derivatives via simulation (1995)
  797. Stochastic differential equations for the non-linear filtering problem (1972)
  798. A generalization of C lark’s formula (1977)
  799. Empirical analysis of implied volatility: S tocks, Bonds and Currencies (1991)
  800. Business Cycle Theory (1987)
  801. The algebra of iterated stochastic integrals (1994)
  802. Diversification - A multi-facetted concept (2013)
  803. A basis for iterated stochastic integrals (1995)
  804. Numerical experiments with S(P)DE ’s (1995)
  805. Random generation of stochastic area integrals (1994)
  806. Variable step size control in the numerical solution of stochastic differential equations (1997)
  807. Pricing without equivalent martingale measures under complete and incomplete observation (2010)
  808. Which moments to match? (1996)
  809. Introduction to Stochastic Differential Equations (1988)
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  2014. The fallacy of maximising the geometric mean in long sequences of investing or gambling (1971)
  2015. Why we should not make mean log of wealth big though years to act are long (1979)
  2016. A term structure model and the pricing of interest rate derivatives (1991)
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  2020. A two-factor model of the term structure: A n approximate analytic solution (1984)
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  2027. Population growth regulated by intraspecific competition for energy or time: S ome simple representations (1973)
  2028. A market model for stochastic implied volatility (1999)
  2029. Credit Derivatives Pricing Models (2003)
  2030. A stochastic theory of phase transitions in human hand movement (1986)
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  2032. The pricing of exotic options by M onte- C arlo simulations in a L 'evy market with stochastic volatility (2003)
  2033. Computing the constant elasticity of variance option pricing formula (1989)
  2034. Asymptotical mean square stability of an equilibrium point of some linear numerical solutions with multiplicative noise (1996)
  2035. Numerical regularization for SDE s: C onstruction of nonnegative solutions (1996)
  2036. Stability, stationarity and boundedness of some implicit numerical methods for stochastic differential equations (1996)
  2037. Preservation of asymptotical laws through E uler methods for O rnstein- U hlenbeck process (1999)
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  2048. Risk minimizing hedging strategies under restricted information (1994)
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  2050. Variance optimal hedging in discrete time (1995)
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  2065. New methods for simulating the S tudent~$t$ distribution - D irect use of the inverse cumulative distribution (2005)
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  2071. Monte- C arlo solution of structural dynamics (1972)
  2072. Digital simulation of random processes and its applications (1972)
  2073. Simulation of nonstationary random processes (1967)
  2074. Monte- C arlo solution of nonlinear vibrations (1972)
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  2080. A note on asymptotic properties of the estimator derived from the E uler method for diffusion processes at discrete times (1997)
  2081. Approximation of continuous time stochastic processes by a local linearization method (1998)
  2082. A comparative study of maximum likelihood estimators for nonlinear dynamical system models (1998)
  2083. Comparative study of estimation methods for continuous time stochastic processes (1997)
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  2091. The size distribution of business firms (1958)
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  2093. Weak and strong T aylor methods for numerical solutions of stochastic differential equations (2007)
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  2095. Fair valuation of participating policies with surrender options and regime switching (2005)
  2096. Dynamics of the S&P 500 implied volatility surface (2000)
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  2101. When are quasi- M onte- C arlo algorithms efficient for high dimensional integrals? (1998)
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  2106. An almost exact simulation method for the H eston model (2007)
  2107. Simulation of nonlinear quantum damping using the positive representation (1988)
  2108. Modelling of random fatigue crack growth (1986)
  2109. Stochastic Differential Equations: With Applications to Physics and Engineering (1991)
  2110. The distribution of points in a cube and the approximate evaluation of integrals (1967)
  2111. Uniformly distributed sequences with an additional uniform property (1976)
  2112. There is no nontrivial hedging portfolio for option pricing with transaction costs (1995)
  2113. Random Differential Equations in Science and Engineering (1973)
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  2116. Likelihood methods for diffusions with jumps (1991)
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  2120. Discretely observed diffusions: A pproximation of the continuous-time score function (2001)
  2121. On arbitrage and replication in the fractional B lack- S choles pricing model (2003)
  2122. Maximizing the probability of a perfect hedge (1999)
  2123. General Equilibrium Theory: An Introduction (1997)
  2124. Mathematica and diffusions (1993)
  2125. Overreactions in the Options Market (1989)
  2126. Stock price distributions with stochastic volatility: A n analytic approach (1991)
  2127. Random Processes and the Growth of Firms: A Study of the Pareto Law (1965)
  2128. Assessing the least-squares M onte- C arlo approach to A merican option valuation (2004)
  2129. The private uses of public interests: incentives and institutions (1998)
  2130. Introduction to Numerical Analysis (1993)
  2131. Topics in the Theory of Random Noise. Vol. I: General Theory of Random Processes. Nonlinear Transformations of Signals and Noise (1963)
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  2134. Some remarks on the optional decomposition theorem. (1998)
  2135. A comparison of models for pricing interest rate derivative securities (1994)
  2136. A comparison of models of the term structure (1994)
  2137. Lectures on Topics in Stochastic Differential Equations (1982)
  2138. Multidimensional Diffusion Processes (1982)
  2139. Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals (1971)
  2140. Kendall’s Advanced Theory of Statistics. Vol. 1. Distribution Theory (1994)
  2141. Stochastic Taylor Expansions and Saddlepoint Approximations for Risk Management (2001)
  2142. Options on the mimimum or the maximum of two risky assets (1982)
  2143. A portfolio performance index (2000)
  2144. Pricing and hedging A merican options: A unified method and its efficient implementation (1993)
  2145. Pseudo-random number generator by means of irrational rotation (1995)
  2146. Dynamic asset allocation for target date funds under the benchmark approach (2021)
  2147. Pathwise approximation and simulation for the Z akai filtering equation through operator splitting (1994)
  2148. On the gap between deterministic and stochastic ordinary differential equations (1978)
  2149. A product expansion for the C hen series (1986)
  2150. Product expansions of exponential L ie series and the discretization of stochastic differential equations (1988)
  2151. Inflation forecast targeting: I mplementation and monitoring inflation targets (1997)
  2152. Inflation targeting: S ome extensions (1999)
  2153. Stochastic Differential Equations (1967)
  2154. Stochastic Differential Equations (1967)
  2155. Extended C ox, I ngersoll $&$ R oss model (1998)
  2156. Adaptive weak approximation of stochastic differential equations (2001)
  2157. An asymptotic expansion approach to pricing financial contingent claims (1999)
  2158. M onte C arlo simulation with asymptotic method (2005)
  2159. The M alliavin calculus for SDE with jumps and the partially hypoelliptic problem (2002)
  2160. A diffusion model for optimal portfolio selection in the presence of brokerage fees (1988)
  2161. Analyse N um'erique des E quations D iff'erentielles Stochastiques (1982)
  2162. Convergence for each trajectory of an approximation scheme of SDE (1982)
  2163. How to discretize stochastic differential equations (1982)
  2164. Pathwise solution and numerical analysis of stochastic differential equations (1983)
  2165. Efficient numerical schemes for the approximation of expectations of functionals of the solution of an SDE and applications (1984)
  2166. Discretization of a stochastic differential equation and rough estimate of the expectations of functionals of the solution (1986)
  2167. Classification of discretization of diffusions according to an ergodic criterion (1987)
  2168. Calcul num'erique des exposants de L yapounov d’une pale d’h'elicopt`ere (1988)
  2169. PRESTO : M ode d’ emploi (1989)
  2170. Second order discretization schemes of stochastic differential systems for the computation of the invariant law (1990)
  2171. Approximation of upper L yapunov exponents of bilinear stochastic differential equations (1991)
  2172. Simulation of stochastic differential systems (1995)
  2173. The L yapunov exponent of the E uler scheme for stochastic differential equations (1999)
  2174. Expansion of the global error for numerical schemes solving stochastic differential equations (1990)
  2175. Quantiles of the E uler scheme for diffusion processes and financial applications (2003)
  2176. Discretion versus policyrules in practice (1993)
  2177. Note on continuous additive functionals of the 1-dimensional B rownian path (1963)
  2178. Handbook of Economic Forecasting (2006)
  2179. Time Series Analysis: Nonstationary and Noninvertible Distribution Theory (1996)
  2180. An operator approach for M arkov chain weak approximations with an application to infinite activity L 'evy driven SDEs (2009)
  2181. Fair valuation of path-dependent participating life insurance contracts (2003)
  2182. On the asymptotic normality of vector-valued stochastic integrals and estimates of a multi-dimensional diffusion process (1974)
  2183. On the numerical approximation of conditioned W iener integrals and some F eynman functional integrals (1976)
  2184. New minimum chi-square methods in empirical finance (1995)
  2185. Random numbers generated by linear recurrence modulo two (1965)
  2186. Pricing Financial Instruments. The Finite Difference Method (2000)
  2187. Modeling stochastic volatility: A review and comparative study (1994)
  2188. The magnitude of implied volatility smiles: T heory and empirical evidence for exchange rates (1994)
  2189. Hedging using simulation: A least squares approach (2005)
  2190. Calculating the G reeks by cubature formulas (2006)
  2191. Approximate solutions for I to differential equations using the T aylor expansion for semigroups of operators (1984)
  2192. Polynomial arithmetic analogue of H alton sequences (1993)
  2193. A generalization of F aure sequences and its efficient implementation (1994)
  2194. A note on polynomial arithmetic analogue of H alton sequences (1994)
  2195. Financial data and the skewed generalized $t$ distribution (1998)
  2196. Regression methods for pricing complex A merican-style options (2001)
  2197. A hidden M arkov chain model for the term structure of credit risk spreads (1998)
  2198. A favourable strategy for twenty-one (1961)
  2199. Portfolio choice and the K elly criterion (1972)
  2200. Valuing equity-indexed annuities (2000)
  2201. Mean-square stability of second-order R unge- K utta methods for stochastic differential equations (2005)
  2202. R unge- K utta methods for numerical solution of stochastic differential equations (2002)
  2203. Weak second order conditions for stochastic R unge- K utta methods (2002)
  2204. Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables (1958)
  2205. Liquidity preference as behaviour towards risk (1958)
  2206. A General Equilibirum Approach to Monetary Theory (1969)
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  2209. Stock index futures markets: stochastic volatility models and smiles (2001)
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  2212. Life-insured annuities: market failure and policy dilemma (1990)
  2213. Information-Based Complexity (1988)
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  2215. Regression methods for pricing complex A merican-style options (2001)
  2216. Compact FPGA -based true and pseudo random number generators ( 2003)
  2217. Markowitz meets T almud. A combination of sophisticated and naive diversification strategies (2011)
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  2220. On approximation in quadratic mean for the solutions of two parameter stochastic differential equations in H ilbert spaces (1983)
  2221. On approximation of solutions for stochastic delay equations (1987)
  2222. Approximation schemes for I to- V olterra stochastic equations (1995)
  2223. Approximate solutions for multiple stochastic equations with respect to semimartingales (1997)
  2224. On the use of low discrepancy sequences in M onte C arlo methods (1996)
  2225. Comments on " O n the use of low discrepancy sequences in M onte C arlo methods" (1997)
  2226. A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries (2000)
  2227. Random environments and stochastic calculus (1977)
  2228. Stochastic approaches for modelling in vivo reactions (2004)
  2229. Numerical integration of stochastic differential equations in catchment modelling (1984)
  2230. Stochastic nature of outputs from conceptual reservoir model cascades (1983)
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  2232. Is Size Dead? A Review of the Size Effect in Equity Returns. (2011)
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  2234. It^o versus S tratonovich (1981)
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  2237. An equilibrium characterization of the term structure (1977)
  2238. Piecewise constant approximation for the M onte- C arlo calculation of W iener integrals (1985)
  2239. Valuation methods for life insurers: C onversion or chaos (2008)
  2240. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems (1990)
  2241. The adenylate kinase reaction acts as a frequency filter towards fluctuations of ATP utilization in the cell (1987)
  2242. Asymmetric cubature formulae with few points in high dimension for symmetric measures (2004)
  2243. The approximate evaluation of W iener integrals (1960)
  2244. Unbiased M onte- C arlo evaluation of certain functional integrals (1987)
  2245. Unbiased M onte- C arlo evaluation of functionals of solutions of stochastic differential equations variance reduction and numerical examples (1987)
  2246. M onte- C arlo evaluation of functionals of solutions of stochastic differential equations. V ariance reduction and numerical examples (1988)
  2247. Unbiased multi-step estimators for the M onte- C arlo evaluation of certain functionals (1988)
  2248. Stochastische numerische V erfahren zur B erechnung von F unktionalintegralen (1989)
  2249. Unbiased M onte- C arlo estimators for functionals of weak solutions of stochastic differential equations (1989)
  2250. Approximation of I t^o integral equations (1978)
  2251. A class of distortion operators for pricing financial and insurance risks (2000)
  2252. A shrinkage approach to medel uncertainty and asset allocation (2005)
  2253. Three-stage stochastic R unge- K utta methods for stochastic differential equations (2008)
  2254. Quantile hedging for guaranteed minimum death benefits (2009)
  2255. The semi-implicit E uler method for stochastic differential delay equation with jumps (2007)
  2256. Convergence of numerical solution to stochastic differential delay equations with P oisson jumps and M arkovian switching (2007)
  2257. An analysis of stability of M ilstein method for \sdes with delay (2006)
  2258. Starting stepsize for an ODE solver (1983)
  2259. Pitchfork and H opf bifurcations in stochastic systems - effective methods to calculate L yapunov exponents (1988)
  2260. Exponential Family Nonlinear Models (1998)
  2261. The joint distributions of several important actuarial diagnostics in the classical risk model (2002)
  2262. A course in the theory of stochastic processes (1981)
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  2264. An examination of foreign exchange risk under fixed and floating rate regimes (1977)
  2265. The Distribution of Common Stock Price Changes: An Application of Transactions Time and Subordinated Stochastic Models (1977)
  2266. Valuation of A merican futures options: T heory and empirical test (1986)
  2267. Counting costs (1993)
  2268. Optimal hedging of options with small but arbitrage transaction cost structure (1994)
  2269. Lectures on Measure and Integration (1969)
  2270. Differential space (1923)
  2271. Option values under stochastic volatility. T heory and empirical estimates (1987)
  2272. A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis (1966)
  2273. Portfolio selection in the presence of fixed liabilities: A comment on " T he matching of assets to liabilities" (1985)
  2274. An option pricing approach to bonus policy (1987)
  2275. More on a stochastic asset model for actuarial use (with discussion) (1995)
  2276. A theoretical analysis of the matching of assets to liabilities (1984)
  2277. The matching of assets to liabilities (1984)
  2278. Matching and portfolio selection: Part I. (1987)
  2279. Matching and portfolio selection: Part II. (1987)
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  2282. Path decomposition and continuity of local time for one-dimensional diffusions I (1974)
  2283. Computational methods for fitting and extrapolating the Lee-Carter model of mortality change (1993)
  2284. Rectangularization revisited: V ariability of age at death within human populations (1999)
  2285. Option Pricing: Mathematical Models and Computation (1993)
  2286. Valuation of segregated funds: S hout options with maturity extensions (2001)
  2287. A synthesis of risk measures for capital adequacy (1999)
  2288. Time-varying parameters and the out-of-sample forecasting performance of structural exchange rate models (1987)
  2289. Stochastic Processes in Information and Dynamical Systems (1971)
  2290. Stochastic Processes in Engineering Systems (1985)
  2291. On the convergence of ordinary integrals to stochastic integrals (1965)
  2292. On the relation between ordinary and stochastic differential equations (1965)
  2293. Riemann- S tieltjes approximations of stochastic integrals (1969)
  2294. Projecting mortality trends: R ecent developments in the United Kingdom and the United States (2004)
  2295. Some applications of stochastic differential equations to optimal nonlinear filtering (1965)
  2296. Interest and Prices: Foundation of a Theory of Monetary Policy (2003)
  2297. Power and multipower variation: I nference for high-frequency data (2006)
  2298. Average case complexity of multivariate integration (1991)
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  2300. Digital simulation of P oisson stochastic differential equations (1980)
  2301. $p$-moment stability of \sdes with jumps (2004)
  2302. About a joint distribution in the classical risk model (2002)
  2303. Market-Consistent Actuarial Valuation (2008)
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  2306. Applications of stochastic differential equations to the description of turbulent equations (1980)
  2307. Computational Probability and Simulation (1977)
  2308. Sur l’approximation des solutions d’'equations diff'erentielles stochastiques (1976)
  2309. On the uniqueness of solutions of stochastic differential equations (1971)
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  2311. A new look at the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (1998)
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  2321. Euity-indexed life insurance: P ricing and reserving using the principle of equivalent utility (2003)
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  2325. Convergence of the E uler- M aruyama method for stochastic differential equations with M arkovian switching (2004)
  2326. Robust stability and controllability of stochastic differential delay equations with M arkovian switching (2004)
  2327. Stability in distribution of stochastic differential delay equations with M arkovian switching (2003)
  2328. On the optimal filtering of diffusion processes (1969)
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  2332. Reconfigurable Acceleration for M onte C arlo based Financial Simulation (2005)
  2333. The existence and uniqueness of solutions to stochastic differential-difference equations (1984)
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