Paper: arXiv 2602.06394

Authors: Arvid E. Gollwitzer, Paridhi Latawa, David de Gruijl, Deepak A. Subramanian, Adrián Noriega de la Colina

Abstract

Current tokenization methods process sequential data without accounting for signal quality, limiting their effectiveness on noisy real-world corpora. We present QA-Token (Quality-Aware Tokenization), which incorporates data reliability directly into vocabulary construction. We make three key contributions: (i) a bilevel optimization formulation that jointly optimizes vocabulary construction and downstream performance, (ii) a reinforcement learning approach that learns merge policies through quality-aware rewards with convergence guarantees, and (iii) an adaptive parameter learning mechanism via Gumbel-Softmax relaxation for end-to-end optimization. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates consistent improvements: genomics (6.7 percentage point F1 gain in variant calling over BPE), finance (30% Sharpe ratio improvement). At foundation scale, we tokenize a pretraining corpus comprising 1.7 trillion base-pairs and achieve state-of-the-art pathogen detection (94.53 MCC) while reducing token count by 15%. We unlock noisy real-world corpora, spanning petabases of genomic sequences and terabytes of financial time series, for foundation model training with zero inference overhead.

Complexity vs Empirical Score

  • Math Complexity: 8.5/10
  • Empirical Rigor: 8.0/10
  • Quadrant: Holy Grail — high math complexity, high empirical rigor

Why this score: This paper presents a novel approach (QA-Token) to tokenizing noisy sequential datasets, supported by substantial theoretical rigor including bilevel optimization formulations, RL convergence proofs, and Gumbel-Softmax relaxations. The empirical assessment spans large-scale genomic datasets and multi-dimensional financial time series, demonstrating significant real-world quantitative improvements such as a 30% boost in Sharpe ratios.

Research Flowchart

  flowchart TD
    A[Goal: Tokenize Noisy Real-World Corpora<br>for Foundation Model Pre-Training] --> B[Data Inputs: Genomic Sequences<br>1.7T Base-Pairs & Financial Time Series]
    B --> C[QA-Token Methodology]
    C --> D[Bilevel Optimization & RL Policy<br>with Quality-Aware Rewards]
    C --> E[Adaptive Parameter Learning via<br>Gumbel-Softmax Relaxation]
    D & E --> F[Outcomes & Performance Gains]
    F --> G[Genomics: +6.7 F1 Variant Calling,<br>94.53 MCC Pathogen Detection, -15% Tokens]
    F --> H[Finance: +30% Sharpe Ratio Improvement<br>with Zero Inference Overhead]

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  298. DECIDER: Difference-aware Contrastive Diffusion Model with Adversarial Perturbations for Image Change Captioning (2025) — link
  299. Safe Reinforcement Learning via Probabilistic Logic Shields (2023) — link
  300. Minimizing Carbon Footprint for Timely E-Truck Transportation: Hardness and Approximation Algorithm (2023) — link
  301. Farmer Ants Optimization Algorithm: A Novel Metaheuristic for Solving Discrete Optimization Problems (2025) — link
  302. A4NT: Author Attribute Anonymity by Adversarial Training of Neural Machine Translation (2022) — link
  303. Parameterized Complexity of Segment Routing (2025) — link
  304. Sparse Structure Learning via Graph Neural Networks for Inductive Document Classification (2022) — link
  305. Discovering Dialog Structure Graph for Coherent Dialog Generation (2020) — link
  306. Reinforcement Learning to Solve NP-hard Problems: an Application to the CVRP (2022)
  307. FNAS: Uncertainty-Aware Fast Neural Architecture Search (2021)
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  309. Character-level White-Box Adversarial Attacks against Transformers via Attachable Subwords Substitution (2021) — link
  310. Energy-Aware Service Offloading for Semantic Communications in Wireless Networks (2024) — link
  311. DiscoDVT: Generating Long Text with Discourse-Aware Discrete Variational Transformer (2020) — link
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  315. SiPhyR: An End-to-End Learning-Based Optimization Framework for Dynamic Grid Reconfiguration (2025) — link
  316. TransferFed: A Unified Framework for Blockchain-Secured, Privacy-Preserving, and Incentive-Aware Federated Learning (2025) — link
  317. Minimum 0-Extension Problems on Directed Metrics (2020) — link
  318. Transferable Persona-Grounded Dialogues via Grounded Minimal Edits (2020) — link
  319. An Overview of Machine Learning-Based Techniques for Solving Optimization Problems in Communications and Signal Processing (2020) — link
  320. Computing the Strategy to Commit to in Polymatrix Games (2018) — link
  321. Resilient Network Design: Disjoint Shortest Path Problem for Power Transmission Application (2024) — link
  322. Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided SWIPT IoT Networks Relying on Discrete Phase Shifts (2021) — link
  323. A Differentiable Relaxation of Graph Segmentation and Alignment for AMR Parsing (2020) — link
  324. A practical guide to multi-objective reinforcement learning and planning (2021) — link
  325. A Decomposition Approach for Stochastic Shortest-Path Network Interdiction with Goal Threshold (2019) — link
  326. Efficient Transformers with Dynamic Token Pooling (2022) — link
  327. Optimizing for aggressive-style strategies in Flesh and Blood is NP-hard (2025) — link
  328. Mitigating Gender Bias for Neural Dialogue Generation with Adversarial Learning (2019) — link
  329. Investigating data quality issues in Data Streams by evaluating the effects of Label and Feature Noise (2025) — link
  330. The subset sum game revisited (2021) — link
  331. Relation Learning on Social Networks with Multi-Modal Graph Edge Variational Autoencoders (2020) — link
  332. A Screening Framework for Data Quality Estimation in Manufacturing (2024) — link
  333. Competitive Equilibria in Combinatorial Exchanges with Financially Constrained Buyers: Computational Hardness and Algorithmic Solutions (2018)
  334. Effective Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Adversarially Trained Language Models (2019) — link
  335. A mixed-integer approximation of robust optimization problems with mixed-integer adjustments (2023) — link
  336. Functional Homotopy: Smoothing Discrete Optimization via Continuous Parameters for LLM Jailbreak Attacks (2024) — link
  337. Model-based Reinforcement Learning: A Survey (2023) — link
  338. Deep reinforcement learning-based methods for resource scheduling in cloud computing: a review and future directions (2024) — link
  339. Digital Twin-Driven Cyber-Physical System for Autonomously Controlling of Micro Punching System (2018) — link
  340. A Learning-Based Multipopulation Evolutionary Optimization for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem With Finite Transportation Resources (2023) — link
  341. Hardness of Braided Quantum Circuit Optimization in the Surface Code (2023) — link
  342. Quasi-quantum states and the quasi-quantum PCP theorem (2024) — link
  343. RMLM: A Flexible Defense Framework for Proactively Mitigating Word-level Adversarial Attacks (2022) — link
  344. WRGAN: Improvement of RelGAN with Wasserstein Loss for Text Generation (2021) — link
  345. Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Management on Network Slicing: A Survey (2022) — link
  346. Approximate Optimum Curbside Utilisation for Pick-Up and Drop-Off (PUDO) and Parking Demands Using Reinforcement Learning (2022) — link
  347. Beyond Discrete Selection: Continuous Embedding Space Optimization for Generative Feature Selection (2023) — link
  348. On the Comparison between Multi-modal and Single-modal Contrastive Learning (2024) — link
  349. A study on relationship between prediction uncertainty and robustness to noisy data (2023) — link
  350. When Data Quality Issues Collide: A Large-Scale Empirical Study of Co-Occurring Data Quality Issues in Software Defect Prediction (2025) — link
  351. Real-Time Trading System Based on Selections of Potentially Profitable, Uncorrelated, and Balanced Stocks by NP-Hard Combinatorial Optimization (2023) — link
  352. A survey of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning with communication (2024) — link
  353. Noise-Aware Training of Layout-Aware Language Models (2024) — link
  354. Meta-Heuristic Approaches to NP-Hard Resource Allocation in Civil Engineering: DE vs GA (2024) — link
  355. A NOVEL DISCRETE RAT SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR THE QUADRATIC ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM (2023) — link
  356. Generative Semantic Communications With Foundation Models: Perception-Error Analysis and Semantic-Aware Power Allocation (2024) — link
  357. A Discrete Chimp Optimization Algorithm for Minimizing Tardy/Lost Penalties on a Single Machine Scheduling Problem (2021) — link
  358. A neighborhood comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization for the vehicle routing problem with time windows (2024) — link
  359. Antenna Allocation and Pricing inVirtualized Massive MIMO Networks via Stackelberg Game (2018) — link
  360. StablePT: Towards Stable Prompting for Few-shot Learning via Input Separation (2024) — link
  361. A survey on deep reinforcement learning for audio-based applications (2022) — link
  362. Quality-Aware Autonomous Navigation with Dynamic Path Cost for Vision-Based Mapping toward Drone Landing (2023) — link
  363. Short-Packet Communications in Multihop Networks With WET: Performance Analysis and Deep Learning-Aided Optimization (2022) — link
  364. An Extended Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Model for Flight Deck Scheduling with Priority, Parallel Operations, and Sequence Flexibility (2016) — link
  365. Classifying Approximation Algorithms: Understanding the APX Complexity Class (2021)
  366. Detecting and Rectifying Noisy Labels: A Similarity-based Approach (2025) — link
  367. Hardness Amplification of Optimization Problems (2019) — link
  368. Multitype Integer Monoid Optimization and Applications (2019)
  369. The Overlooked Key to AI Success: Why Clean, Reliable Data Outperforms Bigger Models (2025) — link
  370. Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks From 5G to 6G: A Survey (2021) — link
  371. Quality-Aware Bag of Modulation Spectrum Features for Robust Speech Emotion Recognition (2022) — link
  372. Robust and Probabilistic Failure-Aware Placement (2016) — link
  373. Model-Free Quantum Control with Reinforcement Learning (2022) — link
  374. Perfect Phylogenies via Branchings in Acyclic Digraphs and a Generalization of Dilworths Theorem (2017) — link
  375. Applications of reinforcement learning in energy systems (2020) — link
  376. Simulation of an Analogue Circuit Solving NP-Hard Optimization Problems (2019) — link
  377. Near-optimal discrete optimization for experimental design: a regret minimization approach (2017) — link
  378. Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning: a survey (2021) — link
  379. On Conflict-Free Cuts: Algorithms and Complexity (2023) — link
  380. Graph Invariant Learning with Subgraph Co-mixup for Out-of-Distribution Generalization (2024) — link
  381. SGD Jittering: A Training Strategy for Robust and Accurate Model-Based Architectures (2024)
  382. An Empirical Study on the Effect of Training Data Perturbations on Neural Network Robustness (2024) — link
  383. A survey of inverse reinforcement learning (2022) — link
  384. Enhancing Noise Robustness of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Adaptive Adversarial Training (2024) — link
  385. Dynamical Systems Theory and Algorithms for NP-hard Problems (2020) — link
  386. MFAI: A Scalable Bayesian Matrix Factorization Approach to Leveraging Auxiliary Information (2023) — link
  387. AuditVotes: A Framework Towards More Deployable Certified Robustness for Graph Neural Networks (2025) — link
  388. Bridging Data Islands: Geographic Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Learning for Collaborative Remote Sensing Semantic Segmentation (2024) — link
  389. Dynamic Scheduling for Quality of Information Maximization in Location-aware Opportunistic Mobile Crowdsensing (2023) — link
  390. Quantum approximate optimization via learning-based adaptive optimization (2023) — link
  391. A Hybrid Discrete Bacterial Memetic Algorithm with Simulated Annealing for Optimization of the Flow Shop Scheduling Problem (2021) — link
  392. Hologram Noise Model for Data Augmentation and Deep Learning (2024) — link
  393. Construction and empirical analysis of data governance system based on knowledge graph (2025) — link
  394. Retain, Blend, and Exchange: A Quality-Aware Spatial-Stereo Fusion Approach for Event Stream Recognition (2024) — link
  395. Amortized Variational Inference: A Systematic Review (2023) — link
  396. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Framework in SDN-IoT for Transient Load Detection and Prevention (2021) — link
  397. Reinforcement Learning Based Routing in Networks: Review and Classification of Approaches (2018) — link
  398. From statistical relational to neurosymbolic artificial intelligence: A survey (2024) — link
  399. A Deep Learning Hybrid Model for Predicting Remaining Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries (2025) — link
  400. Loss factorization, weakly supervised learning and label noise robustness (2016)
  401. Task-Aware Information Routing from Common Representation Space in Lifelong Learning (2023) — link
  402. DopUS-Net: Quality-Aware Robotic Ultrasound Imaging Based on Doppler Signal (2023) — link
  403. X-architecture Steiner minimal tree algorithm based on multi-strategy optimization discrete differential evolution (2021) — link
  404. Deciphering Rumors: A Multi-Task Learning Approach with Intent-aware Hierarchical Contrastive Learning (2023) — link
  405. Towards Efficient Dialogue Pre-training with Transferable and Interpretable Latent Structure (2021) — link
  406. Prompting Multi-Modal Image Segmentation with Semantic Grouping (2024) — link
  407. Robust VAEs via Generating Process of Noise Augmented Data (2024) — link
  408. A Survey on Transfer Learning for Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Systems (2019) — link
  409. Efficient routing optimization with discrete penguins search algorithm for MTSP (2023) — link
  410. FA-SCondDiff: frequency-aware conditional diffusion for generation of low-resolution SPECT bone scintigrams (2025) — link
  411. Optimization Learning Method for Discrete Process Control (2018) — link
  412. Light Field Image Quality Assessment Based on Disentangling Bayesian Theory (2023) — link
  413. Speech Vecalign: an Embedding-based Method for Aligning Parallel Speech Documents (2025) — link
  414. Can BERT Learn Evidence-Aware Representation for Low Resource Fake News Detection? (2024) — link
  415. Obfuscation for Privacy-preserving Syntactic Parsing (2019) — link
  416. Reinforcement learning based resource management for fog computing environment: Literature review, challenges, and open issues (2022) — link
  417. Creativity and Machine Learning: A Survey (2024) — link
  418. No Token Left Behind: Reliable KV Cache Compression via Importance-Aware Mixed Precision Quantization (2024) — link
  419. Alignment Rationale for Natural Language Inference (2020) — link
  420. Spectrum Sharing in Vehicular Networks Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (2019) — link
  421. Application of an improved LSTM model based on FECA and CEEMDAN VMD decomposition in water quality prediction (2025) — link
  422. Beyond Accuracy: Rethinking Data Quality as a Strategic Pillar in ERP Implementation (2025) — link
  423. TopoDiT-3D: Topology-Aware Diffusion Transformer with Bottleneck Structure for 3D Point Cloud Generation (2025) — link
  424. A Quantitative Review of Automated Neural Search and On-Device Learning for Tiny Devices (2023) — link
  425. SCSegamba: Lightweight Structure-Aware Vision Mamba for Crack Segmentation in Structures (2025) — link
  426. Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness (2022) — link
  427. On the Shared Transportation Problem: Computational Hardness and Exact Approach (2023) — link
  428. RobustStegFormer: A Cross-Attention Guided and Noise-Aware Transformer for Image Steganography (2025) — link
  429. An Overview of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Reinforcement Learning-Based Techniques in Quantitative Finance: Recent Progress and Challenges (2023) — link
  430. The Bi-Objective Shortest Path Network Interdiction Problem: Subgraph Algorithm and Saturation Property (2019) — link
  431. Drone Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Review (2021) — link
  432. Investigating Why Contrastive Learning Benefits Robustness Against Label Noise (2022)
  433. A Frank-Wolfe Based Algorithm for Robust Discrete Optimization under Uncertainty (2020) — link
  434. Machine Learning-Based Load Balancing Algorithms in Future Heterogeneous Networks: A Survey (2021) — link
  435. Artifact Region-Aware Transformer: Global Context Helps CT Metal Artifact Reduction (2023) — link
  436. EFA-YOLO: An Efficient Feature-Aware YOLO Model for Real-Time Driver Fatigue Detection (2025) — link
  437. A Gentle Introduction to Reinforcement Learning and its Application in Different Fields (2019) — link
  438. A Survey on Machine Learning Techniques for Routing Optimization in SDN (2020) — link
  439. Data Manipulation: Towards Effective Instance Learning for Neural Dialogue Generation via Learning to Augment and Reweight (2019) — link
  440. Robust Lottery Tickets for Pre-trained Language Models (2021) — link
  441. Differentiable RandAugment: Learning Selecting Weights and Magnitude Distributions of Image Transformations (2022) — link
  442. A Comprehensive Review of Coverage Path Planning in Robotics Using Classical and Heuristic Algorithms (2020) — link
  443. Modeling Evolution of Message Interaction for Rumor Resolution (2019) — link
  444. Quality Not Quantity: On the Interaction between Dataset Design and Robustness of CLIP (2022) — link
  445. Evidential Temporal-aware Graph-based Social Event Detection via Dempster-Shafer Theory (2022) — link
  446. Incorporating Hierarchy into Text Encoder: a Contrastive Learning Approach for Hierarchical Text Classification (2021) — link
  447. Automatically Exposing Problems with Neural Dialog Models (2020) — link
  448. Deep Semantic Hashing Using Pairwise Labels (2020) — link
  449. A Luminance-Aware Multi-Scale Network for Polarization Image Fusion with a Multi-Scene Dataset (2025) — link
  450. Reinforcement Learning for Clinical Decision Support in Critical Care: Comprehensive Review (2020) — link
  451. Adversarial Self-Attention for Language Understanding (2023) — link
  452. Improving the Robustness of Summarization Models by Detecting and Removing Input Noise (2022) — link
  453. Semi-supervised Relation Extraction via Incremental Meta Self-Training (2020) — link
  454. Improving Empathetic Response Generation by Recognizing Emotion Cause in Conversations (2020) — link
  455. Graph Embedding with Hierarchical Attentive Membership (2022) — link
  456. Health-FoTs A Latency Aware Fog based IoT Environment and Efficient Monitoring of Bodys Vital Parameters in Smart Health care Environment. (2024) — link
  457. Learning Disentangled Representations of Negation and Uncertainty (2021) — link
  458. Test-Time Self-Adaptive Small Language Models for Question Answering (2023) — link
  459. A Survey of Beam Management for mmWave and THz Communications Towards 6G (2023) — link
  460. Learning-Based Energy-Efficient Resource Management by Heterogeneous RF/VLC for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Industrial IoT Networks (2019) — link
  461. Special issue on: Computational discrete optimization (2020) — link
  462. Transkimmer: Transformer Learns to Layer-wise Skim (2021) — link
  463. Forward Model and Deep Learning Based Iterative Deconvolution for Robust Dynamic CT Perfusion (2021) — link
  464. Neural Natural Logic Inference for Interpretable Question Answering (2020) — link
  465. Wi-Fi Meets ML: A Survey on Improving IEEE 802.11 Performance With Machine Learning (2021) — link
  466. Dynamic movement primitives in robotics: A tutorial survey (2023) — link
  467. Sound quality modeling and active control for electric buses based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (2025) — link
  468. Neural Data-to-Text Generation with LM-based Text Augmentation (2020) — link
  469. A Learning-Exploring Method to Generate Diverse Paraphrases with Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning (2019) — link
  470. The complexity of conservative valued CSPs (2011) — link
  471. Style Transfer as Data Augmentation: A Case Study on Named Entity Recognition (2021) — link
  472. Semantic-Aware Sensing Information Transmission for Metaverse: A Contest Theoretic Approach (2022) — link
  473. Step by Step Loss Goes Very Far: Multi-Step Quantization for Adversarial Text Attacks (2022) — link
  474. Self-Supervised Learning of Neural Speech Representations From Unlabeled Intracranial Signals (2021) — link
  475. Signal Quality Assessment and Reconstruction of PPG-Derived Signals for Heart Rate and Variability Estimation in In-Vehicle Applications: A Comparative Review and Empirical Validation (2025) — link
  476. Backpropagating through Structured Argmax using a SPIGOT (2017) — link
  477. Improving data quality with label noise correction (2019) — link
  478. Reliability-based Dynamic Network Design with Stochastic Networks (2009) — link
  479. WaveY-Net: physics-augmented deep-learning for high-speed electromagnetic simulation and optimization (2021) — link
  480. Evolutionary Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving NP-Hard No-Wait Flow Shop Scheduling Problems (2017) — link
  481. SHIELD: Defending Textual Neural Networks against Multiple Black-Box Adversarial Attacks with Stochastic Multi-Expert Patcher (2021) — link
  482. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms (2022) — link
  483. Adversarial Machine Learning in Text Processing: A Literature Survey (2021) — link
  484. Contrastive Representation Learning: A Framework and Review (2019) — link
  485. A WAV2VEC2-Based Experimental Study on Self-Supervised Learning Methods to Improve Child Speech Recognition (2022) — link
  486. Artificial Intelligence for UAV-Enabled Wireless Networks: A Survey (2020) — link
  487. A Survey of Generative Adversarial Networks for Synthesizing Structured Electronic Health Records (2023) — link
  488. A Systematic Review on Password Guessing Tasks (2023) — link
  489. Draining the Water Hole: Mitigating Social Engineering Attacks with CyberTWEAK (2020) — link
  490. Pre-training Enhanced Spatial-temporal Graph Neural Network for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting (2022) — link
  491. Gradient boosting with extreme-value theory for wildfire prediction (2023) — link
  492. Research on the health status evaluation method of rolling bearing based on EMDGABP (2023) — link
  493. Explainable AI Over the Internet of Things (IoT): Overview, State-of-the-Art and Future Directions (2021) — link
  494. EBERT: Efficient BERT Inference with Dynamic Structured Pruning (2020) — link
  495. Application of Deep Learning on Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Analysis: A Review (2022) — link
  496. Improving Neural Machine Translation by Achieving Knowledge Transfer with Sentence Alignment Learning (2018) — link
  497. Publish or Drop Traffic Event Alerts? Quality-aware Decision Making in Participatory Sensing-based Vehicular CPS (2019) — link
  498. Computational complexity of the quantum separability problem (2006) — link
  499. A Survey of Multi-Objective Sequential Decision-Making (2013) — link
  500. Spatial Effects of Video Compression on Classification in Convolutional Neural Networks (2018) — link
  501. Unsupervised Parsing with S-DIORA: Single Tree Encoding for Deep Inside-Outside Recursive Autoencoders (2019) — link
  502. A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: evolution, applications and research opportunities (2018) — link
  503. DQELR: An Adaptive Deep Q-Network-Based Energy- and Latency-Aware Routing Protocol Design for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (2018) — link
  504. Judge the Judges: A Large-Scale Evaluation Study of Neural Language Models for Online Review Generation (2018) — link
  505. Edge Intelligence: Paving the Last Mile of Artificial Intelligence With Edge Computing (2019) — link
  506. Machine Learning for 5G/B5G Mobile and Wireless Communications: Potential, Limitations, and Future Directions (2018) — link
  507. Neural packet classification (2019) — link
  508. On the Robustness of Causal Discovery with Additive Noise Models on Discrete Data (2020) — link
  509. An Overview on Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Optical Networks (2018) — link
  510. Tackling Faults in the Industry 4.0 EraA Survey of Machine-Learning Solutions and Key Aspects (2019) — link
  511. Deep Learning for Low-Field to High-Field MR: Image Quality Transfer with Probabilistic Decimation Simulator (2019) — link
  512. Evolutionarily Learning Multi-Aspect Interactions and Influences from Network Structure and Node Content (2019) — link
  513. Modeling IoT Equipment With Graph Neural Networks (2018) — link
  514. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Power Electronics (2020) — link
  515. Variable Impedance Control and LearningA Review (2019) — link
  516. On the use of BERT for Neural Machine Translation (2019) — link
  517. Multiagent Learning: Basics, Challenges, and Prospects (2012) — link
  518. Machine Speech Chain (2019) — link
  519. AI-Assisted Network-Slicing Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks (2019) — link
  520. Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned (2018) — link
  521. Outlier Detection for Improved Data Quality and Diversity in Dialog Systems (2019) — link
  522. Data quality in empirical software engineering: a targeted review (2013) — link
  523. A Survey on Machine-Learning Techniques for UAV-Based Communications (2019) — link
  524. Spatio-Temporal Vessel Trajectory Smoothing Using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Wavelet Transform (2019) — link
  525. Visual Exploration of Air Quality Data with a Time-correlation-partitioning Tree Based on Information Theory (2019) — link
  526. Environmental Noise Robustness for Korean Fricatives Using Speech Enhancement Generative Adversarial Networks (2019) — link
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  528. MetaOmics-10T: The Foundational Dataset to Unlock Causal Modeling of Microbial Ecosystems (2025)
  529. Steering the Evolutionary Game: Hierarchical Control of Therapeutic Resistance in Cancer Treatment (2025)

0 of 537 cited works are in the corpus; resolved via arXiv source bundles, Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex. Corpus-wide: 2518 linked papers.